Rubber Band Powered Vehicle Essay - 1132 Words

Rubber Band Powered Vehicle Part A: Introduction a. Theoretical Background The rubber band car is a car powered by a single rubber band. Energy efficiency is the amount of energy that is first stored in an object. The physics definition of energy efficiency is very similar. Their term is the linear distance traveled using the energy stored in one rubber band. Energy efficiency is usually found when an objects energy transfers into a different type of energy. For us to find this, we have to attach a rubber band onto the car and release the rubber band to make the car move forward. The physics definition is very reasonable because the rubber is the main and only source of energy that is applied to the car. b. Purpose The purpose†¦show more content†¦20. Record the distance traveled and the time it took to travel that far. C. Sampling and Trials 1. Line up the meter sticks in the hallway. 2. Ready the stop watch. 3. Wind up your rubber band powered vehicle. 4. Set it on the ground and let it go D. Safety Precautions 1. Make sure you are very careful with the X-ACTO Blade when using it to cut. 2. Do not blue fingers together. 3. Keep all materials away from any part of you that can access the inner part of your body. 4. No fooling around. Part E: Data Collections, Calculation, and Graphs a. Data Collections b. Calculations 1. 3.076 m/s 2. 3.030 m/s 3. 3.059 m/s 4. 3.081 m/s 5. 3.170 m/s 6. 3.275 m/s 7. 3.003 m/s 8. 3.074 m/s 9. 3.079 m/s 10. 3.163 m/s c. Graph Part G: Conclusion We found that our rubber band car is very energy efficient. After building our rubber band car, we have tested it 10 times. The average result of all 10 of these trial is that the car travels up to 9 meters within a little under three seconds. Our hypothesis was correct since the car traveled in a linear motion. The rubber band that is connected to the axle of the car is released, making the rear wheels rotate and allowing the car to move forward. We find that teamwork was a very important key to our success. Without teamwork the rubber band car wouldnt have worked asShow MoreRelatedDesigning A Rubber Band Powered Car Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pageswas to construct a rubber band-powered car. This process had two aspects: the assembly of the car and the analysis of the car. With trial and error, the car was assembled successfully. Throughout the project, my partner and I used our knowledge of one-dimensional kinematics. Completing the project with another person ut ilized both our collaboration and communication skills. During the analysis process, we assessed the velocity and acceleration of the car. The rubber band-powered car had to meet aRead MoreInvention of the Automobile Essay2494 Words   |  10 Pages1700s steam power became the new craze. Steam power got the wheels turning amongst many inventors who put it not only on the tracks, but on the road as well. 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In a world that is dominated by tests, it isRead MoreThe Wright Brothers1522 Words   |  7 Pagesthe pair better known as the wright brothers. Orville was born on August 19, 1871. Wilbur was born on April 16, 1867. These were the two men who were given the credit of making the first successful aeroplane. They also made the first controlled, powered, heavier than air human flight. They did this on December 17, 1903. In the next 2 years Orville and Wilbur developed this machine into the first fixed wing aircraft. The wright brothers were not the first people to create a flying machine but theyRead MoreThe Wright Brothers1844 Words   |  8 Pageswhatever aroused their curiosity. The Wrights Brothers; Wilbur born in 1867 and Orville born in 1871, they invented the first airplane that is controlled by man. They were inspired in 1878, when their father gave them a toy helicopter that had a rubber band connected to make it fly (â€Å"Wright Brothers†), something so simplicity sparked their curiosity. Before they were experimenting with planes they owned their own newspaper; West Side News, also owned a bike shop in 1892 until 1896 (â€Å"Wright Brothers†)Read MoreA Seminar Report on Sensotronic Brake Control System7505 Words   |  31 PagesABS ASR, ESP and Brake Assist, this system is regarded as another important milestone to enhance driving safety. Also, the system offers features to reduce the driver’s workload. These featured include: 1. Traffic Jam Assist, which breaks the vehicle automatically in the bumper-to-bumper traffic once the driver takes his or her foot off the accelerator. 2. The Soft-Stop function, which allows soft and smooth stopping in town traffic. Thus, SBC transforms the conventional hydraulic brakeRead MoreRfid : Sensors And Devices5399 Words   |  22 Pages SENSORS AND DEVICES Submitted by SRI HARSHA MODUKURI RFID BASED AUTOMATED GUDIED VEHICLES IN WAREHOUSES ABSTRACT: An automated guided vehicle (AGV) is a system which is used to handle the materials or goods which can be operated independently, and these are guided along fixed pathways. The AGV’s can be of different types based on functionality and manufacturing and are used in hospitals, industriesRead MoreStreet Light16880 Words   |  68 PagesNew street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lights, emit a white light that provides high levels of scotopic lumens allowing street lights with lower wattages and lower photopic lumens to replace existing street lights. Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments. This project is a LED based Solar Lights is an automatic street lightening systemRead MoreAutomated Guided Vehicle Systems : A Driver For Increased Business Performance Lothar Schulze, Sebastian Behling, And Stefan4050 Words   |  17 Pages SENSORS AND DEVICES Reference: â€Å"Automated Guided Vehicle Systems: a Driver for Increased Business Performance Lothar Schulze, Sebastian Behling, and Stefan Buhrs â€Å" Submitted by SRI HARSHA MODUKURI RFID BASED AUTOMATED GUDIED VEHICLES IN WAREHOUSES ABSTRACT: An automated guided vehicle (AGV) which is a system that is used to handle the materials or goods those can be operated independently, and these systems are guidedRead MorePorters Five Forces Model5836 Words   |  24 PagesAutomobile Industry The auto manufacturing industry is considered to be highlycapital and labor intensive. The major costs for producing and selling automobiles include: Labor - While machines and robots are playing a greater role in manufacturing vehicles, there are still substantial labor costs in designing and engineering automobiles. Advertising Each year automakers spend billions on print and broadcast advertising, furthermore, they spent large amounts of money on market research to anticipate

Prue Leith Herb Project - 1014 Words

Mint ISRAELI SALAD RECIPE Cooking/Preparation Time: 25 minutes Yield: 4 Servings Equipment: Chopping board, Large knife, Mixing bowl, Salad spoons Serving Dish: Large salad bowl Cost per Portion: R15.00 Nutritional Value (per 100g): o Carbohydrate: 12g o Protein: 3g o Fat: 23g Ingredients: †¢ 6 Israeli cucumbers, diced †¢ 4 plum tomatoes, seeded and diced †¢ 5 green onions, sliced †¢ 1 red bell pepper, seeded and diced †¢ 1205ml chopped garlic †¢ 250ml chopped fresh parsley †¢ 125ml minced fresh mint leaves †¢ 125ml olive oil †¢ 30ml fresh lemon juice †¢ 15ml salt †¢ 15ml ground black pepper Method: †¢ Toss the cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, bell pepper, garlic, parsley, and mint together in a bowl. †¢ Drizzle the olive oil and lemon juice over the salad and toss to coat. †¢ Season with salt and pepper to serve. †¢ Serve with Pita bread and Hummus. Thyme ZA’ATAR RECIPE Cooking/Preparation Time: 10 minutes (drying for 2 weeks) Yield: 4 Servings Equipment: String, Drying area, Spice grinder, 2 Bowls, Large knife, Convection oven Serving Dish: Spice jar Cost per Portion: R15.00 Nutritional Value (per 100g): o Carbohydrate: 6g o Protein: 27g o Fat: 1g Ingredients: †¢ 125ml fresh thyme †¢ 60ml sesame seeds, lightly toasted †¢ 30ml dried sumac, ground †¢ 2ml sea salt †¢ 25ml extra virgin olive oil †¢ 4 pita breads Method: †¢ Hang thyme in small bunches in a cool, dry place or inside a paper bag, then allow them to dry for two to three weeks. †¢ When the leaves are completely dry, strip them from eachShow MoreRelatedPrue Leith Herb Project1102 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Pepper PESACH BRISKET RECIPE Cooking/Preparation Time: 4 hours Yield: 8-10 servings Equipment: Large dish, Convection oven, Chopping board, Chef’s knife, Measuring spoons Serving Dish: Large platter with the arranged vegetables surrounding and a carving knife Cost per Portion: R45.00 Nutritional Value (per 100g): o Carbohydrate: 15g o Protein: 45g o Fat: 10g Ingredients: †¢ 2,5kg lean Kosher brisket †¢ 30ml Kosher salt †¢ 30ml whole black peppercorns †¢ 1 litre beef stock †¢ 75ml sweet chilli

History Of Photography Essay Example For Students

History Of Photography Essay Towards the end of the century there was a growing dissatisfaction with the photographic establishment in England and in America. At the turn of the century Stieglitz was the most important photographer in America. In England this led to a mass of resignations from the Photographic Society, and the formation of a group known as the Linked Ring, whilst in America, in 1902, an avant-garde group of photographers led by Stieglitz, also sought to break away from the orthodox approach to photography, and from what they considered was the stale work of fellow photographers. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Stieglitz had already engaged in his long fight to have photography recognized as a valid medium of artistic expression. The American group came to be known as the Photo-Secession, the name Secession coming from groups of artists in Austria and Germany who had broken away from the academic establishment. Composed of carefully selected pictorial photographers, the society often did the best and most original photography produced in the United States and abroad. Their rejection of establishment photography was aptly summarised in Photograms of the year for 1900: That wealth of trivial detail which was admired in photographys early days and which is still loved by the great general public. has gone out of fashion with advanced workers on both sides of the Atlantic. The Photo-Secession Gallery, better known as 291 at 291 Fifth Avenue in New York, was devoted to these photographers and their aesthetic. The gallery was not limited to photographers, but also to painters who were finding new modes of expression, such as Picasso, Matisse, Maurer, and Freuh. Many critics held the opinion that 291 was the only focal point of Modern Art in America until the Armory show in 1913. It was in these gallery rooms that the ice was broken for modern art in America. Composition, massing of light and shadow, arrangement of lines, development of curves, were the means. With them they sought values, textures, character, any aspect which would appeal to the emotions of the viewer. Characteristic of the photography of this new movement was the employment of special printing processes for example gum bichromate, and of artwork which lessened the detail on the finished print. The movement was not without its critics. Sadakihi Hartmann reacted strongly to the idea of manipulating photographs, and decried those who strove hard to make their pictures seem as if they were not photographs at all. In American AmateurPhotographer 1904 he wrote: We expect an etching to look like an etching, and a lithograph to look like a lithograph, why should not then a photographic print look like a photographic print? It was not that he objected to retouching or dodging: And what do I call straight photography, one might say, can you define it? Well, thats easy enough. Rely on your camera, on your eye, on your good taste and your knowledge of composition, consider every fluctuation of color, light and shade, study lines and values  and space division, patiently wait until the scene or object of your pictured vision reveals itself in its supremest moment of beauty, in short, compose the picture which you intend to take so well that the negative will be absolutely perfect and in need of no manipulation.

Untitled Essay Research Paper Anselm free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper Anselm # 8217 ; s Ontological Argument and the Philosophers Saint Anselm of Aosta, Bec, and Canterbury, possibly during a minute of enlightenment or starvation-induced hallucination, succeeded in explicating an statement for God # 8217 ; s being which has been debated for about a thousand old ages. It shows no mark of traveling off shortly. It is an statement based entirely on ground, separating it from other statements for the being of God such as cosmogonic or teleological statements. These latter statements severally depend on the universe # 8217 ; s causes or design, and therefore may weaken as new scientific progresss are made ( such as Darwin # 8217 ; s theory of development ) . We can be certain that no such destiny will go on to Anselm # 8217 ; s Ontological Argument ( the name, by the manner, coined by Kant ) . In signifier, Anselm # 8217 ; s statements are much like the statements we see in doctrine today. In Cur Deus Homo we read Anselm # 8217 ; s conversation with a skeptic. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper Anselm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This kind of question-and-answer signifier of debate ( dialectic ) is really much like the Hagiographas of Plato. The skeptic, Boso, inquiry # 8217 ; s Anselm # 8217 ; s religion with an array of inquiries non-believers still inquire today. Anselm replies in a bit-by-bit mode, inquiring for verification along the manner, until he arrives at a decision with which Boso is forced to hold. This is merely like Socrates # 8217 ; process with, say, Crito. Subsequently philosophers have both accepted and denied the cogency of Anselm # 8217 ; s celebrated ontological statement for the being of God, presented in both the Proslogium and Monologium. Anselm did non first attack the statement with an unfastened head, so analyze its constituents with a critical oculus to see which side was best. Anselm had made up his head about the issue long before he began to utilize dialectic to try to dissect it. Indeed, the extreme ardour which impels him to seek everyplace for statements favourable to the tenet, is a confession his portion that the tenet demands support, that it is problematic, that it lacks self-evidence, the standard of truth. ( Weber, V ) In chapters 2-4 of his Proslogium, Anselm summarizes the statement. A sap is one who denies the being of God. But even that sap understands the definition of God, a being than which nil greater can be conceived. But the sap says that this definition exists merely in his head, and non in world. But, Anselm observes, a being which exists in both world and in the understanding would be greater than one that simply exists merely in the apprehension. So the definition of God, one that points to a being than which nil greater can be conceived , points toward a being which exists both in world and in the apprehension. It would be impossible to keep the construct of God in this mode, and yet deny that He exists in world. The statement was criticized by one of Anselm # 8217 ; s coevalss, a monastic named Gaunilo, who said, that by Anselm # 8217 ; s logical thinking, one could conceive of a certain island, more perfect than any other island. If this island can be in the head, so harmonizing to Anselm, it would needfully exist in world, for a # 8216 ; perfect # 8217 ; island would hold this quality. But this is evidently false ; we can non do things exist simply by conceive ofing them. Anselm replied, continuing his statement ( in many, many words ) by stating that they are comparing apples and oranges. An island is something that can be thought of non to be, whereas the non-existence of that than which a greater can non be conceived is impossible. ( Reply, ch.. 3 ) Merely for God is it impossible non to be ; mere islands or other things do non suit this quality. Copleston amounts it up compactly ( for Anselm doesn # 8217 ; t ) : it would be absurd to talk of a simply possible necessary being ( it is a contradiction in footings ) , whereas there is no contradiction in speech production of simply possible beautiful islands. St. Thomas Aquinas rejects the statement, stating that the human head can non perchance conceive of the thought of God by ground entirely ( a-priori ) , as Anselm might. The statement does non do sense by itself, and must first supply an thought of the being of God with an analysis of God # 8217 ; s effects ( a-posteriori ) , to which Thomas turns. I think there is grounds in Anselm # 8217 ; s Hagiographas that he would differ, stating that the thought of God is an unconditioned one given to us by God, and demands no other disclosure to convey it approximately. Hence, this being, through its greater similitude, assists the look intoing head in the attack to supreme Truth ; and through its more first-class created kernel, teaches the more right what sentiment the head itself ought to organize sing the Creator. ( Monologium, ch. 66 ) Although St. Thomas was evidently a truster, he was non swayed by the thought of ground entirely being sufficient to turn out God # 8217 ; s being. His expostulation of the human head # 8217 ; s capableness to ascertain God is echoed by other philosophers such as Kierkegaard ( who was besides a Christian ) : The self-contradictory passion of the Reason therefore comes repeatedly into hit with the Unknown # 8230 ; and can non progress beyond this point. [ Of God: ] How make I cognize? I can non cognize it, for in order to cognize it, I would hold to cognize the God, and the nature of the difference between God and adult male ; and this I can non cognize, because the Reason has reduced it to compare with that from which it was unlike. ( Kierkegaard, 57 ) Anselm disagrees, and explains why light of God through rational discourse brings Man closer to God. So, doubtless, a greater cognition of the originative Being is attained, the more about the animal through which the probe is made attacks that Bing. ( Monologium, ch. 66 ) Descartes restates Anselm # 8217 ; s statement for his ain intents, which include specifying what kinds of cognition is around that is grounded in certainty. Most ulterior philosophers tend to utilize Decartes # 8217 ; preparation of the statement in their analyses. Required for Descartes # 8217 ; undertaking is God, who granted worlds the concluding capableness with which we can cognate truths. The signifier of Anselm # 8217 ; s statement he uses involves specifying # 8216 ; being # 8217 ; as one of God # 8217 ; s many flawlessnesss. Being is a portion of T he construct of a perfect being ; anyone who denied that a perfect being had the belongings being would be like person who denied that a trigon had the belongings three-sidedness # 8230 ; the head can non gestate of triangularity without besides gestating of three-sidedness # 8230 ; the head can non conceive of flawlessness without besides gestating of being. ( Fifth Meditation ) Several philosophers ask what belongingss needfully should be ascribed to God, and if being is one of them. Lotze asks how a being # 8217 ; s existent being logically follows from its perfectness. This tax write-off, Lotze says, satisfies our sentimental values that our ideals must be. Why should this thought [ a perfect being s unreality ] disturb us? Obviously for this ground, that it is an immediate certainty that what is greatest, most beautiful, most worthy, is non a mere idea, but must be a world, because it would be unbearable to believe [ otherwise ] . If what is greatest did non be, so what is the greatest would non be, and it is non impossible that that which is greatest of all imaginable things should non be. ( Lotze, 669 ) The head can plan fantastic and antic things. Where is the false belief in thought of a perfect, unreal something? Descartes # 8217 ; preparation which ascribes # 8216 ; being # 8217 ; to a most perfect being leads us to the most celebrated expostulation to Anselm # 8217 ; s statement, from Kant. Kant has a job with handling # 8216 ; being # 8217 ; as a belongings of a thing, that it makes no sense to speak of things which have the belongings of being and others which do. See the plausible state of affairs of inquiring my roomie Matthew to acquire me a beer. What sort of beer? he replies. Oh, Budweiser. And a cold one, at that. Besides an bing one, if you # 8217 ; ve got any, I might stipulate. Something merely seems awry. For Kant, when you take off # 8216 ; being # 8217 ; from a construct of a thing, there is nil left to trade with. It makes no sense to speak of an omniscient, almighty, all-good God, nor of a red-and- white, cold, non-existent Budweiser. A thing either exists, with belongingss, or it doesn # 8217 ; t. Where Descartes and Anselm would state you are doing a logical contradiction by stating God does non exist because of the fact that this statement conflicts with the really construct of God including the belongings of being, with Kant, doing this kind of a statement involves no contradiction. For contending non-existence as a portion of a thing # 8217 ; s concept kind of negates any argumentative power that the construct # 8217 ; s other qualities might hold had. A construct of a thing should concentrate on its specifying qualities, such as cold and Budweiser, instead than on its being. Anselm # 8217 ; s original answer to Gaulino might be applicable here in a defence against Kant. Possibly it is possible to deny the being of mere things ( be they islands or Budweisers ) without logical contradiction, but in the instance of a most-perfect being, # 8216 ; being # 8217 ; must be portion of its construct. Possibly it is possible that an island can be said non to hold existed, possibly if tectonic home bases hadn # 8217 ; T shifted in a certain manner. But God is non bound by the restraints of causality ; God transcends cause, bing throughout all clip. So in the construct of God is # 8216 ; being # 8217 ; , every bit good as His assorted other properties. So to state God does non be is contradictory, after all. Kant counters this with a lay waste toing blow. He reduces the ontological statement to a tautology: The construct of an all-perfect being includes being. We hold this construct in our heads, hence the being must be. Therefore, an existent being exists. Even if we grant the statement legion favours, allowing it flight from plentifulness of idiosyncrasies, in the terminal, it still doesn # 8217 ; t truly state us anything uncovering. All the problem and labor bestowed on the celebrated ontological or Cartesian cogent evidence of the being of a supreme Being from constructs entirely is problem and labor wasted. A adult male might every bit good anticipate to go richer in cognition by the assistance of mere thoughts as a merchandiser to increase his wealth by adding some zeros to his cash-account. ( Kant, 630 ) Anselm # 8217 ; s statement was non designed to convert disbelievers, but to be nutrient for trusters like Gaunilo who wished see what consequences the tool of dialectic will convey if applied to the inquiry of God. While today the statement seems weak, or even capricious, it is a courageous effort to travel without tenet in explicating God. The statement must stand or fall by its sheer dialectical force. A principal ground of our trouble in appreciating its power may good be that pure dialectic makes but a weak entreaty to our heads. ( Knowles, 106 ) I think I stand with St. Thomas and Kierkegaard in this affair, for it seems that a strictly logical statement of God # 8217 ; s being is slightly out of topographic point. One must be in a place of religion seeking apprehension , in an a-posteriori province of head to appreciate an a-priori cogent evidence such as this. This is slightly uneven and unsettling, for I tend to hold with logically sound statements at all other intersections of my life. It seems as if Church tenet these yearss accentuates the enigma of God, remaining off from concluding such as Anselm # 8217 ; s to pull followings. For to hold faith in the enigma is what is admirable. One should non be tempted to go to church smugly because it is unlogical non to. Anselm. Proslogium, Monologium, Cur Deus Homo. with debut by Weber, translated by S. N. Deane. Open Court, La Salle, 1948. Copleston, Frederick. A History of Philosophy. Image Books, New York, 1994. Honderich, Ted ( editor ) . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. K. Smith. London, 1933 ( 2nd edition ) . Kierkegaard, Soren. Philisophical Fragments. Translated by D. F. Swenson. Princeton University Imperativeness, 1962. Knowles, David. The Development of Medieval Thought. Random House, New York, 1962. Lotze, Rudolf. Microcosmus. Translated by Hamilton and Jones. Edinburgh, 1887. Southern, Richard. Saint Anselm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. Van Inwagen, Peter. Metaphysics. Westview Press, Boulder, 1993.

The Odyssey Essay

The Odyssey Essay The Odyssey Essay The Odyssey is characteristically classified as an epic though not all readers may find this book an epic. This book is certainly an epic since it is a heroic tale that is filled with many obstacles which the hero concurs. Also the tone that is used in the book is one of admiration which goes to increase the worthiness of the hero. This book is also full of supernatural powers that influence what is happening in the book. In this essay each of these three characteristics will be proved thus proofing that the odyssey is indeed an epic. Book one of the Homers Odyssey foretells what is going to happen in the next twenty three books of the Homer’s Odyssey after the incantation of the Muse, the book then vividly shows the events leading to Athena’s appearance before the council of gods to seek their assistance in bringing Odysseus safe and sound back to his kingdom of Ithaca. After Troy is destroyed, the Greeks try to go back home but are unable after they were cursed by the gods. The ones who make it are met by death upon their return. However, Odysseus is left alone on the island of Ogygia and is held captive for eight years by the beautiful goddess Kalypso. Odysseus tries to go back home but his journey is blocked by Poseidon the sea god as Odysseus had blinded his son the Kyklops Polyphemos. However, all the other gods apart from Poseidon are in support of Odysseus return home. Poseidon goes on vacation and the gods finally, in support of Athena, send out a messenger Hermes to instruct Kalypso to release Odyssyus after detaining him for seven years. â€Å"But now that god had gone off among the sunburnt races, most remote of men, at earths two verges, in sunset lands and lands of the rising sun, to be regaled by smoke of thighbones burning, haunches of rams and bulls, a hundred fold†.( Demilio) In the intervening time, Athena arranges to influence Telemachus to take action. She does this by Disguising herself as a loyal friend of the family, Mentes, she descends to Ithaca to convince Telemachus to hold an meeting, reprimand the suitors, and commission a boat with crew to journey all the way through Hellas seeking news of his father. The gods feast as they discus Aegisthus, Agamemnon and Orestes. This is due to the fact that Aegisthus had made love to Agamemnon’s wife unlawfully and after that he went out and killed Agamemnon. The gods found this a great folly on Aegisthus as Hermes had been sending to warn him of his actions though he Aegisthus would not listen. His unlawful actions caught up with him when Agamemnon’s son Orestes killed him for the death of his father. This assists Agamemnons son to evolve to manhood and he then wins himself his patrimony. â€Å"Dont kill the man, dont touch his wife or face a reckoning with Orestes the day he comes of age and wants his patrimony.†(Demilio) Telemachus had to obtain the support of the Ithacan elders the same way Athena held a meeting of the gods before she was able to get her plan underway. Athena said she will go to Ithaca to rouse Odysseus son to action. Telemachos complains to the congregation about the demeanor demonstrated by the suitors upon which he requests them to retreat to their dwellings. Two of the most important suitors, Antinoos and Eurymachos, are the potential candidates in this course. Antinoos whines about the way Penelope tricked them while she delayed her promise of choosing her husband. With Athenes assistance, Telemachos heads to Pylos, or the the city of Nestor. At Pylos, Telemachos is welcomed received by the king Nestor who narrates him stories of the leaving from Troy, the assassination of Agamemnon and the return of Menelaos. Encouraged by Telemachos’, Nestor narrates in more detail the tale of Klytaimestra and Aigisthos their scheme not in favor of Agamemnon, and Orestes’ avenging of his father’s murder. Telemachos and Peisistratos reach Menelaos palace and find king celebrating having a celebration. The following day, Menelaos narrates his close-up with Proteus, the Sea. Helen remembers how happy she was when Odysseus slayed many Trojans before he left. The Trojan women raised a cry but my heart sang for I had come round, long before, to dreams of sailing home, and I repented the mad day Aphrodite drew me away from my dear fatherland, forsaking all child, bridal bed, and husband a man without defect in form or mind. (Demilio) Odysseus is released by the nymmpho Kalypso and he goes to the land Phaiakians. When odessyeus disembarks at the fortress of Alkinoos he is accorded a place at the banquet and the king promises him that he will assist him to get back to his home. Odysseus narrates his return to Circes’ Island and how she alerted him of the threats they would get ahead. After he ends his story, Nestor starts to sum up the events of the Trojan warfare involving Telemachos, Odysseus son, but he gives up somewhere along the way, exclaiming: Odysseus and his son return to, though separately, to Ithaka. Odysseus makes himself known to his son and planned revenge on the suitors. He then returns to his palace. He returns dressed as a beggar. Penelope comes up with a contest to figure out the suitor she will marry. Each of them fails to shoot the mark with Odysseus bow. Disguised Odysseus is however, able to shot the mark and he reveals himself to the suitors. All of them are killed while the servants who were disloyal are punished. Finally, Penelope and Odysseus are reunited. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to professional essay help on The Odyssey from our professional essay writing service.

El muro de Trump y su impacto ambiental

El muro de Trump y su impacto ambiental La construccià ³n de un muro a lo largo de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico es una de las medidas ms controversiales propuestas por el Presidente Donald Trump. Este artà ­culo cubre informacià ³n sobre la valla que separa los dos paà ­ses, argumentos a favor y en contra de la construccià ³n del muro, en quà © consiste la Declaracià ³n de Emergencia Nacional declarada por el presidente Trump el 15 de febrero de 2019 y el impacto medioambiental que causarà ­a su construccià ³n. Puntos clave: el muro de Trump Extensià ³n de la frontera entre EE.UU. y Mà ©xico: 3.144 km (1.954 millas).Declaracià ³n Nacional de Emergencia: de dà ³nde proceden los 8.000 mil millones para su construccià ³n.Argumentos a favor: frenarà ­a migracià ³n indocumentada, drogas y posible infiltracià ³n de terroristas.Argumentos en contra: no resuelve presencia de 11 millones de indocumentados ni llegadas legales seguidas de permanencias ilegales; no afectarà ­a caminos de entrada de las drogas; alto costo e impacto a vida salvaje.Impacto medioambiental: el muro romperà ­a hbitats naturales de ms de 1.000 animales silvestres, incluyendo a 100 especies en peligro de extincià ³n. Cruzarà ­a por reservas de la biosfera, reservas naturales, santuarios de animales y parques nacionales. La frontera entre EE.UU. y Mà ©xico La frontera que separa Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico se alarga por 3.144,6 kilà ³metros (1.954 millas) desde el Golfo de Mà ©xico hasta el Pacà ­fico. En la actualidad, existe un valla de separacià ³n en 1.100 km (700 millas), la mayorà ­a se construyà ³ bajo la direccià ³n del Presidente George W. Bush como respuesta a los atentados terroristas del 11 de Septiembre del 2001. El precio de su construccià ³n fue de $2 mil millones. Por su alto costo se decidià ³ no extenderla toda la frontera. Su mantenimiento cuesta $500 millones anualmente. Adems de la valla, la frontera est protegida por la Policà ­a Fronteriza (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Esta agencia –la cual cuenta con 20.000 agentes y un presupuesto anual de $3 mil millones- vigila la frontera a pie, a caballo, en auto y en embarcaciones con el apoyo de tecnologà ­a inteligente, como drones, cmaras, sensores y el establecimiento de retenes y controles migratorios. En el aà ±o fiscal 2018, segà ºn estadà ­sticas de la CBP, el nà ºmero de arrestados en la frontera sur tras cruzar ilegalmente el paà ­s ascendià ³ a 396.579 migrantes. A todos ellos se les aplicà ³ la polà ­tica de tolerancia cero. Argumentos a favor y en contra del muro de Trump Los defensores de la construccià ³n del muro argumentan tres razones principales. En primer lugar, frenarà ­a el ingreso de migrantes indocumentados. En la actualidad se estima que hay en el paà ­s 11 millones de migrantes sin papeles. En segundo lugar, se argumenta que si la frontera no est blindada existe un riesgo de infiltracià ³n de terroristas. Y, en tercer lugar, se afirma que la valla no es obstculo para el ingreso de drogas, lo que agravarà ­a el problema de adiccià ³n que existe en EE.UU. Segà ºn datos de los Centros de Control de Enfermedades y Prevencià ³n, ms de 33.000 estadounidenses mueren anualmente por sobredosis de opiceos. Desde otra perspectiva, se argumenta en contra del muro que este no frenarà ­a la migracià ³n indocumentada porque, por un lado, no resuelve el problema de la presencia en el paà ­s de 11 millones de migrantes y, por otro, porque la mitad de los indocumentados ingresan al paà ­s legalmente y no atravesando ilegalmente la frontera. En segundo lugar, se argumenta que no hay casos para apoyar la tesis de que los terroristas pueden ingresar ilegalmente a travà ©s de Mà ©xico. En tercer lugar, se esgrime que aproximadamente 15.000 personas de las fallecidas anualmente por consumo de opiceos tomaron medicinas que se obtienen en EE.UU. con receta. Adems, las drogas que ingresan de Mà ©xico hacia EE.UU. lo hacen por tà ºneles, en drones, compartimentos ocultos en buses o autos, o en camiones. Por lo tanto, el muro no afectarà ­a a ninguno de esos modos de transporte. Por à ºltimo, se esgrime en contra de la construccià ³n del muro su alto costo y su impacto ecolà ³gico. Costo de la construccià ³n del muro de Trump No hay consenso sobre cunto costarà ­a construir un muro que blindase los ms de 3.000 km de frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico. Por un lado, el propio Presidente Trump estima que el precio del muro podrà ­a estar entre los $8 y $12 mil millones de dà ³lares. En el otro extremo del espectro se encuentran organizaciones como New America Foundation que estima el costo entre $27 y $40 millones. Por otro lado, la agencia de noticias Reuters tuvo acceso a un estudio de la Oficina de Contabilidad del Gobierno (GAO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) en el cual estima que el muro costarà ­a $21,6 mil millones. El baile de cifras se debe, entre otros factores, a que se desconoce cul de las propuestas de muro se construirà ­a y, por lo tanto, sus caracterà ­sticas y materiales. En los ocho prototipos el material varà ­a de concreto a acero y la altura de 18 a 30 pies (5,5 a 9,1 metros). Declaracià ³n Nacional de Emergencia  ¿cul es el costo y quià ©n paga por el muro de Trump? Segà ºn la declaracià ³n de emergencia nacional del presidente Trump anunciada con fecha del 15 de febrero de 2019, podrà ­an obtenerse un mximo de $8 mil millones (8 billones) para la construccià ³n del muro. Un total de 1.375 millones de dà ³lares procederà ­an de un presupuesto autorizado por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. La diferencia procederà ­a de fondos del Departamento del Tesoro de confiscaciones de drogas (600 millones de dà ³lares), fondos que habà ­an sido destinados a actividades del Departamento de Defensa en proyectos de lucha antidrogas y otros programas (2.500 millones de dà ³lares) y fondos destinados a proyectos de construccià ³n del Ejà ©rcito (3.600 millones de dà ³lares). Estas cantidades serà ­an suficientes para construir un muro a lo largo de toda la frontera. Segà ºn informacià ³n del gobierno, no todo el muro serà ­a de concreto sino que habrà ­a zonas de vallas metlicas. Impacto medioambiental del muro de Trump La construccià ³n de un muro por ms de 3.000 kilà ³metros tendrà ­a importantes efectos medioambientales. Una de las razones principales es una sentencia dictada en corte federal en febrero de 2018 que permite, por razones de seguridad nacional, la construccià ³n del muro fronterizo sin necesidad de respetar los preceptos de las siguientes legislaciones: Ley de Agua Potable Segura, Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extincià ³n, Ley de Agua Limpia, Ley de Aire Limpio, Ley de Eliminacià ³n de Desechos y Ley de Proteccià ³n de Tumbas Nativas Americanas y Repatriacià ³n. Ms de 2.500 cientà ­ficos estadounidenses, mexicanos y del resto del mundo, han hecho un llamado de atencià ³n sobre el impacto medioambiental del muro en un artà ­culo publicado en la revista cientà ­fica BioScience. Su opinià ³n es compartida por grupos medioambientalistas como Sierra Club. Esos expertos argumentan que el muro interrumpir los patrones de migraciones de animales, imposibilitando o limitando el acceso a sus lugares habituales de comida, bebida, apareamiento y nacimiento. En otras palabras, el muro supondrà ­a una fragmentacià ³n del hbitat animal y, posiblemente, limitarà ­a su diversidad genà ©tica. Segà ºn el Instituto de Ecologà ­a de la UNAM, ms de 800 especies se verà ­an afectadas, incluyendo al ocelote, bisonte, lobo gris mexicano, borrego cimarrà ³n, jaguar, tortuga del desierto, rana leopardo, oso negro, antà ­lope berrendo, ciervo mula, perros de la pradera, gato montà ©s, leà ³n de la montaà ±a y colibrà ­. Todo ello conducirà ­a a la reduccià ³n drstica de animales del suroeste estadounidense, de los cuales 100 ya se encuentran en peligro de extincià ³n actualmente, segà ºn datos de la Agencia de Vida Salvaje y Peces de los Estados Unidos. El muro incluso podrà ­a suponer la destruccià ³n del santuario de mariposas de mayor diversidad ubicada en Missions, Texas, y afectar negativamente, entre otros, al Refugio Nacional de la Vida Silvestre del Valle Bajo del Rà ­o Grande, al Parque Estatal Rà ­o Grande - Bentsen y los centros de la biosfera de Rancho Los Fresnos (Sonora) y Santa Ana (Texas). Este à ºltimo est ubicado en el valle del Rà ­o Grande, una de las reas con mayor diversidad ecolà ³gica en toda Norteamà ©rica. Adems, debido a la altura propuesta, el muro entre 18 y 30 pies tambià ©n afectarà ­a el movimiento de pjaros tropicales que vuelan por esas rutas en sus migraciones estacionales y de insectos. Esto tambià ©n tendrà ­a consecuencias negativas para las plantas que dependen en gran medida del movimiento de insectos y pjaros para la polinizacià ³n. Asimismo, activistas medioambientales a ambos lados de la frontera han mostrado su preocupacià ³n por la posibilidad de que el muro pueda actuar como un embalse en momentos de inundaciones, pudiendo causar una tragedia humana. Tambià ©n han puesto de manifiesto el riesgo de alterar con las obras del muro el nivel de los acuà ­feros y provocar desabastecimiento de agua. En este contexto, varias organizaciones han acudido a las cortes para intentar frenar o evitar los peores impactos ambientales que derivarà ­an de la construccià ³n del muro. Por ejemplo, el Center for Biological Diversity, en conjuncià ³n con Animal Legal Defense Fund, ha presentado en noviembre de 2018 una demanda buscando declarar inconstitucional el permiso concedido al gobierno por una corte para construir el muro sin respetar las leyes medioambientales. Esta estrategia ha sido utilizada sin à ©xito hasta el momento por otras organizaciones ecologistas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Destiny After Brokenness Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Destiny After Brokenness - Term Paper Example   This may lead him to â€Å"break away† from his own reality; hence, his brokenness. It is hoped that whatever conclusions that may be made by the writer at the end may contribute to the enrichment of the body of knowledge currently proliferating on the subject. It would be useful for easy understanding to check out what could be the different connotations that have been attached to the word â€Å"destiny.† Indeed, there are many, given the depths that this word has assumed. Simmons (1) defines destiny as â€Å"that place to which a person is meant to be.† The American Heritage Dictionary is more explicit: â€Å"a predetermined course of events considered as something beyond human power and control.† In this sense, it gives an understanding of destiny as something that pertains to an ending that has been present from the beginning and which cannot be changed by any means. This belief is maintained by the scientific advocates of evolution or even the atheists who do not believe in a Supreme Being and who support the thesis that everything evolves. Although science has not proven the evolution of man and continues to figure out how the planetary system is kept in suspension, many still doubt the existence of a God (Lasiter). But any discussion of destiny can only be understood in a wider perspective when seen from the point of view of evolution or the origin of things, as aptly put by Lasiter in his online programming discourse on Man’s Ultimate Destiny. Lasiter looks at evolution as the determinant of the end-point of things, which idea presupposes that matter with no ability to make choices would follow the line that destiny is that which has been present from the beginning, whatever it is.   This thinking, however, takes a wider deviation when destiny is analyzed in relation to human beings who have the ability to make choices because of their free will.  

Suitable Fire Suppression System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Suitable Fire Suppression System - Case Study Example As a biotech company, Mutandum relies heavily on its information technology resources. Recently, it emerged that the fire safety mechanisms used to protect and ensure the resilience of the company’s information technology resources in Tucson are slightly ineffective. Technically, the Wet-Pipe System installed in the company’s Tucson facility may lead to business downtime, a situation which is not in harmony with objectives and directions of the company. Alternatively, a Water-Nitrogen Mist System feature as the best solution to the fire problem. Succeeding parts of this section contain detailed impact assessment and corporate goal coupling of the Water-Nitrogen Mist System in Mutandum. Â  Admittedly, Water-Nitrogen Mist System is superior compared to other fire suppression systems, especially Wet-Pipe Systems. Among the technical features, that enhances superiority of Water-Nitrogen Mist System include, use of the inert nitrogen gas, and minimum release of water which prevents flooding. With the use of Water-Nitrogen Mist System, Mutandum will not be forced to encounter downtime resulting from flooding of server rooms. Undeniably, water damages electronic devices, and may sometimes lead to loss of digital information. In this case, limited use of water in fire suppression will save Mutandum the ordeal of data loss and re-installation of electronic equipment damaged by Wet-Pipe System flooding (Smith 17). Environmentally, nitrogen is an inert gas with no toxicity. Therefore, use of the chemically inactive nitrogen gas in fire suppression presents no environmental harm to either electronic equipment or personnel.

Bronze Age in Ireland Essay Example for Free

Bronze Age in Ireland Essay The arrival of the Bronze Age in Ireland was a gradual process, as there is no sharp division between the last Stone Age and the early Bronze Age. The Bronze Age is broken up into three groups including the Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, and Late Bronze Age. Nevertheless there is a general agreement that the Bronze Age started around 2000 B. C. and lasted until about 500 B. C.  As the era suggests, it was the new metal work technology practiced most effectively by the Beaker people in the north-eastern part of the country that caught the attention and imagination of those with artistic talents. As well as that it was the transition of the use of a different harder heavier metal from stone. Armor, weapons, daggers, and awls area few of the new items produced. The Bronze Age cannot be denied as a time of development. Gold items were also produced however there were mainly for ceremonial or decorative purposes. Silver, copper, and gold of which were the raw materials were all found around Ireland including West Cork, Tipperary, and Wicklow. The knowledge of how to make bronze came to Ireland from Europe. It is made from an alloy of tin and copper. The copper was mined in Ireland, chiefly in county Kerry at Ross Island; however the tin was imported from Britain, which is believed to have been obtained by a trading of gold already available in Ireland. Due to the richness of copper and gold in the country, Ireland had developed great trading power which was most definitely used to its greatest advantage. This is evident because Irish Bronze and gold objects are found in many parts of Western Europe. (Appreciation and history of Art). There are a mass quantity of many spectacular pieces of gold jewelry from this era that has been found over the years however many have been known to been lost or destroyed. The majority being found in bog land. The beginning of this time was more considered a Copper age as it was the main use. But later on, the introduction of tin made it possible to forge better and more sophisticated tools and weapons from the new alloy. However these tools and weapons would have been available to just a few sections of society and this brought about social changes which saw hierarchies established with the ownership and access to the new metal being the overriding factor in where one ranked in this hierarchy.

Michelangelo Essay -- essays research papers

In the time of the Renaissance there were many artists but one really stood out to me, he was Michelangelo. He stood out the most to me because he had some of the most beautiful work I have ever seen. He painted some of the most beautiful building that is still around today. One of the most that I enjoyed looking at was the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. It took him a lot of time to paint the entire building. I feel this was his best piece of art ever. He had many accomplishments that were outstanding. The second of five brothers, Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany, to Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri. The same day, his father noted down: "Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me and I have named him Michelangelo. He was born on Monday between 4 and 5 in the morning, at Caprese, where I am the Podestà  ." Although born in the small village of Caprese, Michelangelo always considered himself a "son of Florence," as did his father, "a Citizen of Florence." Buonarroti's mother, Francesca Neri, was too sick and frail to nurse Michelangelo, so he was placed with a wet nurse, in a family of stonecutters, where he, "sucked in the craft of hammer and chisel with my foster mother. When he told my father that he wished to be an artist, he flew into a rage, 'artists are laborers, no better than shoemakers." Buonarroti's mother died young, when the child was only six years ol d. But even before then, Michelangelo's childhood had been lacking affection, and he was always to retain a good position in his father’s heart. Touchy and quick to respond with fierce words, he tended to keep to himself, out of shyness according to some but also, according to others, a lack of trust in his fellows. His father soon recognized the boy's intelligence and "anxious for him to learn his letters, sent him to the school of a master, Francesco Galeota from Urbino, who in that time taught grammar." While he studied the principles of Latin, Michelangelo made friends with a student, Francesco Granacci six years older than him, who was learning the art of painting in Ghirlandaio's studio and who encouraged Michelangelo to follow his own artistic vocation. Michelangelo studied the human anatomy in order to make his painting more life like. In doing things the pictures l... ...onna and Christ, may have been begun by Michelangelo before 1550 but had remained unfinished. Now his friends - we are told by Vasari - had asked him to start work on it again "so that he could continue using his chisel everyday." Still perfectly lucid, the almost ninety-year-old Michelangelo created one of his most spiritual images, in which the Mother and Christ almost interpenetrate in an indissoluble union, beyond passion and physical death. While residing in Florence for this extended period, Michelangelo also undertook-between 1519 and 1534-the commission of the Medici Tombs for the New Sacristy of San Lorenzo. His design called for two large wall tombs facing each other across the high, domed room. One was intended for Lorenzo De’ Medici, duke of Urbino; the other for Giulinao De’ Medici duke of Nemours. The tombs of the Medici were of a completely new form. Michelangelo abandoned the use of architecture and arabesques that decorated all Florentine tombs, and that he himself had widely used in his designs for the tomb of Pope Julius II. Here, he wanted no accessory forms, and only the statues were to express the thoughts of his soul.

AP Us History DBQ

American expansionism in the late 19th century and early 20th century was, to a large extent, a continuation of past United States expansionism, while also departing with previous expansionism in some aspects. During the period of time between the late 19th century and early 20th century, America was going through significant changes. After a revolution in Cuba against the Spanish, as well as the Americans starting the Spanish-American War, the Americans received several territorial concessions from their defeated opponent.Thus, America started on the path to imperialism, gaining several more territories in a short amount of time. Such an expansion in the late 19th century and early 20th century was mostly a continuation of past United States expansionism, such as that in the West after the Louisiana Purchase and Mexican-American War. However, the new Imperialism was different from expansionism in other aspects, such as how America acquired the new territory and where it was located. Overall, United States expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was very similar to previous expansion, only departing from it by a very small margin.In the early 19th century, the Louisiana Purchase was made between the United States and France, in which a large amount of French territory west of the Mississippi River was bought by the U. S. A few decades later, the Mexican-American War was fought between the U. S. and Mexico. By the end of the war and Mexico’s defeat, the U. S. acquired even more land to the west, including a lot of land along the Pacific coast. The continental borders of the U. S. were essentially the same as they are now in modern day. In both cases, the concept of â€Å"Manifest Destiny† played a very important role.Individuals attributed expansion with the idea that America was spreading its influence and culture to less fortunate peoples. Josiah Strong wrote about such a concept in his piece, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, stating that further Anglo-Saxon expansion was inevitable and would extend into all parts of the world. As the U. S. entered the era of imperialism, some opposed the concession of Pacific territories to the U. S. , notably the Philippines. In response, some politicians decided to address such feelings, one of them being Senator Albert J. Beveridge.In a speech to Congress, he expressed a view supporting the idea of Manifest Destiny and based upon that, argued that territory obtained by the U. S. in the Philippines should not be refused. From its differences with previous western expansion, some didn’t really see a reason for the U. S. to become an imperialist country. Though it could be viewed as a way for America to expand social and cultural influence, certain individuals viewed it with much contempt. Cartoonist Thomas Nast expressed certain conflicting ideas with his cartoon, â€Å"The World’s Plunderers† in Harper’s Weekly.By depicting German, British, and Russian imperialists taking part in the possession of territory around the world, he seemed to see imperialism as a competition between countries to gain both land and power. Thus, it is implied that if America were to get involved with such acts, it would be to compete with other countries rather than to benefit themselves or others. Another view is presented with Josiah Strong’s work, which both associated expansion with Manifest Destiny but also declared it to be a competition between rivaling countries, a â€Å"survival of the fittest† between different races.An avid supporter of American imperialism, naval strategist Alfred T. Mahan summarized his views in The Interest of America in Sea Power. He saw expansion as a sort of competition, and in order for the U. S. to stay at equal footing with world powers such as Germany and Japan, they needed to expand their influence into the Pacific. Only then, as is mentioned, would the U. S. be able to res pond to other nations with its great sea power. In comparison with previous western expansion, was imperialism justifiably correct? There are reasons for it to be considered both a moral and immoral thing to do.As America entered the age of imperialist expansion, certain groups were highly opposed to the policy, especially members of the American Anti-Imperialist League. In their platform, imperialism is shown to go against traditional American values, betraying certain major documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution for its violation of individuals’ freedoms ( specifically people living in the territories acquired by the U. S. ). Problems were also being presented by this form of expansion, as determined in the Supreme Court Case of Downes v.Bidwell, which identified that granting citizenship to inhabitants of territories outside the continental U. S. was much more difficult than doing so for those within the borders. However bad it may have seem ed, there was still some support for an imperialist policy. Theodore Roosevelt supported it, stating that it wasn’t a result of a hunger for land and resources, but a desire to help less fortunate peoples and bring stability and prosperity to their societies. Others also viewed America’s â€Å"Open Door† policies in China to be beneficial for not just the U. S. and China, but for other nations as well.From the early 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, America expanded from a small group of colonies into much of North America and even into the Pacific. In acquiring territory west of the Mississippi River and gaining territorial concessions from the Mexican-American and Spanish-American Wars, America has been able to identify itself not just as an expansionist country, but as an imperialist one as well. Both concepts differ from each other to some extent (how the territory was gained, where the new territory was located), but for the most part the t wo periods are very similar to each other.

Argumentive Paper on Illegal Downloading of Music

1. Speech Title: Our Modern Day Pirates 2. Speaker/Audience: An environmental activist/local group of environmental activists. 3. Purpose of Speech: EXAMPLE: To convince my audience to take action to preserve the tropical rainforests. 4. Thesis: EXAMPLE: I. Attention A) Alright so who here, and be honest knows that they have illegally downloaded one of their favorite movies, music exct.? (hands will be raised) Ah!!! So there are my thieves B) The usage of illegal downloading has been a huge problem in the creation of the arts.Millions of dollars are being invested into the hard work that’s produced for the enjoyment of the society and is lost. C) For those who don’t know stealing movies or music or anything is against the law. And trust me later on in my speech your going to know how unconstitutional it is to steal. Credibility) I have witnessed one of my fathers friends who was in a band. They were starting to grow into a successful band, opened for kiss at the red roc ks. Soon to come, CDs stop selling and Xirens own money that he put in was lost due to illegal down loads.E Preview) From this speech you will learn 1) how illegal downloading started its affect on artists that supply the music. 2) You will learn Statistics on how it financially affects the music business and others, 3) the consequences of illegal downloading and 4) cheap alternatives to satisfy your needs in hopes to stop this madness. Transition) Lets go back to June the year was 1999. A creator Shwan Fanning Started one of the most unethical practices of file sharing called Napster. II. Body: A. Need: It all started with a simple project that was created called file sharing.File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital stored information such has mp3 or music file. 1. According to an article ( R. I. P Napster) The excuse that Napster promoted for illegal downloading was â€Å"The recorded companies had let them down by only putting on a few hit sing les and fills it up with songs just to get more money. † So Napster was programmed for individuals to select certain songs and not pay for it. When this happened, then millions of others begin to upload their own music and share it with others around the globe.This lead to major copy writes infringements, which eventually put Napster out of business. It was too late though. Now some arguments that I have heard when I ask why do you illegally download music? The response is, the record companies cheat the artists out of their money anyways. They see the record companies as big monsters who are evilly personified. Your basically playing robin hood when you go and download stuff without paying for it. Your ripping off the record companies. You think â€Å"yea were beating this big evil monster†.2. Unfortunately if you only knew the business part of it, the money that is spent on the CDs or on I-tunes goes straight to the big evil monster record companies. Once this happens then the artists who produced that music gets a generous profit from the record company. 3) The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is extremely concerned with the illegal downloading. Since Napster, Music Sales have dropped 47% from loosing 14. 6 billion dollars. (TechDirt. net) From 2004- 2009 30 billion songs were illegally downloaded on file sharing networks. Illegal downloading loses the music industry 12. billion dollars a year, and said from 2004-2009 over 71,000 jobs were lost. This includes not only music artist but sound engineers, technicians, warehouse workers and even record store clerks. Illegal downloading under minds the future of music. by stealing the music you take away the music industries resources it needs to find new talent and holt the uprising of better music. *When we steal and download illegally a copious amount of music then the record companies are not getting enough money and profit to pay the artists. This is when the only outcome is puni shment for participating in this scheme.B. Satisfaction: Its now time that drastic measures must be taken. Just last year a federal jury found a thirty two year old women who was charged 1. 9 million dollars. Charged 80,000 a song and only illegally downloaded 24 songs roughly twenty four bucks with the . 99 cent charge fee on I-tunes. (Digital Media Magazine) Was it worth it? If you are caught the record companies get to decided based off infridment laws how much they can sue in individual. This is just one of the many cases who has been charged according to the copy write laws. S1. One way to stop this problem is to educate others on this subject.According to (Teens less likely to illegal download when they know ) 70% of people who were interviewed had no idea file sharing was illegal. These could be lies due to the fact of being afraid being sued, but 2. With the education on illegal downloading Between 2006-2009 16-20% of illegal downloading has declined, and 15-30% of people we re engaged in legal downloading of music. Transition) *To keep you out of the dog house here are some safe alternatives so you can enjoy your music or in this case movies as well C. Visualization: If you think that there is no other way to satisfy your music/movie needs then think again.Example: I-tunes, Pandora radio, or even Netflix are safe legal ways to accesses music and movies. Netflix is one of the best alternatives to view movies and T. V shows. You only pay 7. 99 a month and receive unlimited movies. Example) Also big Television networks such as NBC,MTV and FOX will let you view episodes of your favorite shows. If we stop the illegal downloading just think of how much support artist will have and money to create even better music! *Now lets turn to some basic tips and a short story that helped me stop illegal downloading.D. Action: 1) Since illegal downloading is such an easy task to do, think to yourself how you can be the domino effect of the down fall of the music indust ry. 2) Now I cant be there sitting over each and everyone of your shoulders and advise your descion to legally download. When I crashed my old computer using a file sharing called KAZA my father was livid. He gave me advice on how to govern my own actions. He asked me if I knew what the definition of character was. With 8 different translations of the word character in Webster dictionary my father came up with the ninth.He said Alex â€Å"Character is based on your actions and morals when no one is watching. Conclusion. Summary: In conclusion you have learned the beginning stages of illegal downloading, and how to combat this situation with safer alternatives. Importance: You saw how important legal down loading can be for the music industry and others, and the importance of supporting musicians by buying their music. Clincher: So just because no one is around and its just you behind the screen of your computer, think to yourself before you download if you’re a thief or a ho norable person.

History 320 essays

History 320 essays What a question. Why would a Duke of Normandy wish to invade England, a country that was already unified under a king who was crowned upon the death of the previous king. William states that he had a promise from Edward that he would name him as his successor. He also states that Harold sworn that the title of king would be passed to him. When he heard that that King Edward had passed away and in the same breath heard that Harold was crowned as king he was devastated. During this time we can only assume that William was devastated and began to get very angry for the trickery done to him in England. He began to plot and plan a way to get his rightful place as the king of England. He began looking for ways to get to England, he knew that he would need plenty of ships to carry the equipment he needed to wage war on the Britons. The people of Normandy were trained for war but the war they needed to fight was across the water. The ships he would need for this journey would be large because he planned to bring horses and all the equipment they required. The largest problem was the coastline of England was very dangerous. There were no safe harbor for the large ships to land in and disembark. The weather was another factor in the strategy. The winds have normally flowed a certain way and in order for the ships to get to England there had to be a certain wind to push the ships to there intended landing. This wind they needed was not a everyday breeze but something that they PRAYED for. William felt he had to go thru with the invasion of England or lose face with people of Normandy. He felt that he needed to deal with this to solidify his place. Howarth and the witan are an interesting connection. My personal opinion is Howarth wished he had lived during that time. I think that the witan was likened to todays house of Lords in Engla ...

Expert Interview with Alison Green About Hiring and Interviewing

Expert Interview with Alison Green About Hiring and Interviewing After a chief of staff position at a successful organization, Alison Green set out on her own and became a consultant. Her experience with all that HR entails, including hiring, firing, managing and promoting, gave her the expertise to be a successful consultant and expert in her field. Alison, creator of Ask a Manager, took some time to talk with us about hiring, utilizing a cover letter and other interview/hiring tips. What is the most common mistake you see job applicants make?Can I give you two?The first one is squandering the opportunity that a cover letter can give you. Too many job seekers use their cover letter to simply summarize their resume. But with such limited initial contact, you do yourself a huge disservice if you use a whole page of your application to merely repeat the contents of the other pages. A cover letter is your opportunity to make a compelling case for yourself as a candidate, totally aside from what’s in your resume. You’re doing yourself a huge disservice if you don’t use it to add something new to your candidacy – information that doesn’t belong on your resume like personal traits, work habits and why you’re interested in the job.The second mistake that job seekers make all the time is forgetting to evaluate potential employers just as much as they’re evaluating you. In the anxiety of an interview, it can be easy to focus only on whether you’re impressing your interviewer, but it’s crucial to remember that you should be thinking about whether you even want the job. The interview process isn’t one-way; you should use the time to think about whether you’re the right fit for the work, the manager and the workplace culture. Otherwise, you can end up in a job where you don’t excel or aren’t happy.How assertive should an applicant be after an interview?You should certainly send a thank-you to reiterate your interest in the position and hopefully b uild on the conversation that you had in the interview, but beyond that, the ball is in the employer’s court.It’s a good idea to ask at the end of the interview when you can expect to hear back about next steps. If you do that and that time passes, then you have the perfect excuse to politely follow up. Simply drop them a quick email, explain that you’re still very interested but understand that hiring can take time, and ask if they have an updated timeline. But that’s really the only follow-up you should be doing. After that, it’s really up to them to get back to you. If they don’t, move on with other employers; don’t keep checking in with them – that will usually just be annoying and won’t get you a decision any faster.Once an offer is out there, how much negotiation should take place?It depends on the offer! If you earlier gave the employer the salary range you’re looking for and they offer you something at the high end of your range – or even higher than your range – asking for more would make you look like you were playing games or not operating in good faith. But outside of situations like that, it generally makes sense to negotiate, as long as you handle the discussion in a pleasant, professional and non-adversarial way, and as long as you’re not asking for something wildly outside the market range for the position.Of course, that means that you need to be prepared and do some research beforehand so that you know what the market rate is. Don’t try to wing it, or you can inadvertently ask for too much or too little.What do you think of job hopping?If you have a pattern of job hopping – which in most fields means a pattern of multiple stays of two years or less – that’s a big concern for most employers. Most hiring managers will tell you that the best predictor of how someone will behave in the future is how they’ve behaved in the past – their track record. So if someone has a pattern of leaving jobs relatively quickly, an interviewer will assume there’s a good chance they won’t stay long in a new position either. Since employers are generally hoping that anyone they hire will stay for at least a few years, a resume that shows little history of this is a red flag. Interviewers will assume you won’t stay long with them either, and they’ll wonder why you’re unable or unwilling to stay in one place for a more typical amount of time.(The exception to this is jobs that were designed from the beginning to be short-term, like internships, temp work or contract jobs. In that case, you’d just want to be sure that your resume makes it clear that these positions were designed to be short-term from the start, by noting â€Å"contract job† or something similar next to it.)How do you handle it when you’re interviewing and you just know someone is not right for the job?If I’m sure that it’s not the right match and it’s an easily articulable reason, I’ll try to share it on the spot if I can – for instance, explaining that we’re looking for someone with more of a background in X. However, a lot of the time it’s not as easy to capture in a single sentence or would lead to an awkward conversation (for instance, if the candidate seems like they wouldn’t work well with others or just isn’t sufficiently impressive, I’m of course not going to announce that to someone). In those cases, you still want the candidate to go away with positive feelings and to feel like they got a fair shot – so you continue to be warm and open and to give them a fair shot, although you might wrap up the interview a bit faster than you would with a candidate who seemed very promising.How have companies, positions and job security changed throughout recent years?Competition for jobs is greater, f or two reasons: First, the economy means that there are more people searching for jobs than there are job openings. Second, the ease of applying for jobs online means that employers are flooded with hundreds of applications for every opening they post. For the job seeker, that means that where in the past you might have been up against a few dozen other candidates, today you’re usually competing against several hundred others. That means that employers can be a lot pickier about who they hire. Because employers have so many qualified candidates to choose from, simply meeting the job qualifications isn’t nearly enough these days. That also means that it’s harder for less perfectly qualified candidates to stretch up to a job that in previous years they might have been able to get more easily.What inspired you to create Ask a Manager?At the time, I was the chief of staff for an organization where I kept seeing evidence that job seekers and employees would benefit s o much from getting more of an understanding of how managers think. And while there were a lot of career blogs out there, I didn’t see anyone giving advice from the perspective of a manager – a source that would explain to people, â€Å"Okay, here’s what your manager (or interviewer) is thinking when you say X,† or, â€Å"Here’s what your manager means when she says Y to you.† I felt like that could be really helpful to people – somewhere they could go and figure out how their manager might be thinking.Of course, when I started the blog back in 2007, I didn’t think it would get much interest. I figured I’d write it for a few months and get it out of my system. Seven years later, I’ve answered more than 6,000 reader questions at the site and it’s still going strong – which has been really gratifying.What’s your favorite part about writing Ask a Manager?My mail is full of letters from people who tell me that the site helped them get a better job, or negotiate a higher salary, or leave a toxic boss, or become a better manager, or even just be able to go on interviews without anxiety – and that’s an amazing feeling. I’ll never get tired of those letters.

Analysis of the Death Penalty and Presidential, Parliamentary Systems Essay

Analysis of the Death Penalty and Presidential, Parliamentary Systems - Essay Example Justices can often state in their decisions what they believe is right or wrong, but this can sometimes be in contradiction to their overall decision. Thus, overall, a Supreme Court decision would offer a verdict and explain that it is valid because it complies with the Constitution and other laws. An editorial would be more rhetorical in nature, as it would not cite the legality of the death penalty as well as its preceding use as evidence supporting its current use, as this would be arguing why the death penalty is Constitutional or not. Instead, the editorial would persuade the reader why the death penalty is or is not necessary, efficient, or of use, regardless of its legal status, and thus the writer would have a goal of being subjective and persuasive rather than objective and decisive. 2. Official agreements between countries tend to closely resemble the structure of a contract. They provide for the conditions of the contract, the duration of the contract, and who is involved. They would also list exceptions and contingencies for violation of the contracts. It would, of course, be written and express, rather than being verbal or implied, so that the relationship and agreement between countries are clearly defined and stated.

Failed IT Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Failed IT Project - Research Paper Example IT project teams emphasize on developing software using unsophisticated codes that would facilitate its functionality. Simplicity facilitates the ease of implementation of the project. In addition, monitoring the functionality of the project is far much easier (Smite, Agerfalk & Moe, 1998). Thus, a project that emphasizes on the complexity from the outset will ultimately faces many difficulties in its design and implementation. It was evident that the complexity of the baggage handling system would lead to enormous problems in implementation and design. The system was too complex that the programmers had to develop it in two years. In fact, it was the most complex baggage handling system ever developed. This was because the system would serve a mammoth airport that was twice the size of Manhattan that had more than 20 major airlines. In designing complex systems, it is vital that the complexity of the systems is manageable during the not only during its development but also in its ma intenance. However, the BAE engineers designed a system that had high coupling and had widespread and inconsistent points of failure (Kerzner, 2004). This led to many problems during the testing of the system. In designing complex IT projects, the engineers must ensure that there is modularity in the operations. Modularity makes complexity of the projects manageable. In addition, it facilitates the undertaking of parallel work and accommodates future uncertainties. In projects with modular architecture, substitution of new designs with older ones is relatively cheap. (Liso, 2009). However, in undertaking the automation of the DIA ABS there was not modularity in the activities of the project. Lack of modularity posed serious problems especially after DIA and BAE changed the design of the system to accommodate the requests made by the airline companies. Lack of modularity led to faults that were evident during the testing of the system in the media's presence. Telecars crushed into each other and flung the baggage spewing out the contents of the baggage (Kock, 2006). In

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

2 - Assignment Example 7. The researchers excluded persons from the study who had a history of psychiatric illness. Provide a rationale for excluding these persons. Basically, the experiment was aimed at finding the best treatment for depression. Therefore, having an earlier treatment for psychiatry may affect the results of the experiment. 2. What statistics were used to describe the demographic variable Estimated Yearly Family Income in this study? Were these appropriate? Employment and the socioeconomic status were used for measuring the yearly family income in this study. However, these were not the appropriate measures. Non parametric statistical analysis techniques are the best fit for education. Parametric tests are done for data whose variances are homogeneous. However, this is not the case for education and therefore, non-parametric tests are best for education. 9. Are there significant differences between the intervention and the control groups for any of the variables in Table I? Provide a rationale for your answer. From the table, there are no significant differences between the intervention and the control groups. This is because there are no significant differences in the percentages of the control groups and the intervention group. 6. Explain why the number of total subjects’ data in Table 2 is for 859 subjects when the total sample for the study was 869 subjects. The people who had a history of cardiac attacks earlier were excluded from the experiment. This study and its results cannot be generalized for the United States. This is because the sample was not representative. The sample was only selected in the rural areas and the sample size was not sufficient, therefore does not reflect the condition in the United States. 1. The following list represents the number of nursing students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of 2001 and 2007, respectively: 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the mean,

Processes of Polyadenylation

Processes of Polyadenylation DNA once transcribed into mRNA it is transported to the cytoplasm. All mRNA’s including specific unspliced mRNA precursors contain the poly A tail with histon mRNA as an exception. But once they are transported to the cytoplasm there exist a poly (A) tail shift that is brought about by the degradation by RNases and rebuilding by cytoplasmic poly (A) polymerase. Discovery: James Darnell and his coworkers carried out various experiments to study and understand the process of polyadenylation. To begin with, they concentrated on the isolation of the poly (A) tail from the newly synthesized mRNA of the HeLa cell line using two subtypes of the enzyme RNase. The enzymes were; 1. RNase A which function as nucleases that cut after the pyrimidine nucleotides C and G and 2. RNase T1 which cuts after G nucleotides. Both these enzymes together helped in selection of pure runs of A’s. They then carried out centrifugation to separate the nucleus and cytoplasm to separate them according to their sizes and exposed them to the scintillation counter. The results obtained showed that both peaks of the nucleus and cytoplasm electrophoresed even slower than the 4S-tRNA and 5S-rRNA markers used (size markers). It also confirms the little difference in size that exist between the nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA poly (A)’s. Position confirmation: To confirm the 3-prime position of the poly (A) tail they subjected mRNA to an enzyme RNase. On complete digestion it yielded one molecule of adenosine and about 200 molecules of AMP. This result also aided in concluding the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 200 nucleotides long but recent advances and studies have confirmed the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 250nt long. Activity of poly (A) polymerase: Furthermore it had to confirmed that the poly A tail hadn’t come from DNA transcription as the DNA doesn’t contain long runs of T’s. Therefore being a post transcription modification it stresses on the activity of the poly (A) polymerase that adds AMP residues one at a time to the mRNA synthesized during the transcription process. This can be confirmed with the use of actinomycin D that inhibits DNA-directed transcription but doesn’t inhibit polyadenylation. Role of the poly (A) tail: 1. Protects mRNA from degradation – Michel Revel and his colleagues studied the same by injecting globin mRNA with and without poly A tail into Xenopus oocyes and measured the rate of its synthesis at various intervals. They found a little difference at first but after 6 hours only the mRNA without the poly (A) tail couldn’t support translation. The simplest explanation they gave regarding the same was that the mRNA with the poly (A) tail had a longer shelf life therefore its protective in nature. 2. Stimulates translation of the attached mRNA- Poly (A)-binding protein (PAB 1) in eukaryotes boost the efficiency of the mRNA translation. This is confirmed by the invitro experiment that contained a capped and poladenylated mRNA excess poly (A) tails. When comparing with the control that lacked the excess poly (A) tails lower rates of translation was observed. This suggested that the free poly (A) tails competed with the poly (A) tails on the mRNA. Another control confirmed that in the absence of the mRNA the transciption rates were very low as it can’t bind to PAB1 efficiently. David Munroe and Allan Jacobson studied the effect of both capping and polyadenylation on the transcription of two synthetic mRNA’s(rabbit ÃŽ ² globin gene-RBG and vesicular stomatitis virus N gene –VSN.N under the influence of phage SP6 promoter) in rabbits reticulocytes. a) Polysome profi les. Munroe and Jacobson mixed  32P-labeled poly(A)1 (blue) and 3H-labeled poly(A)2 (red) mRNA with a  rabbit reticulocyte extract, then separated polysomes from monosomes by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The arrow  denotes the monosome peak; fractions to the left of this peak are  polysomes, and one can see the disome, trisome, and even higher  polysome peaks. The poly(A)1 mRNA is clearly better at associating  mRNA stability and translatability. The Basic Mechanism: Polyadenylation is assumed to occur either at the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end of the primary transcript synthesized or at the polyadenylation site upsteam to the last coding site of the transcript. But polyadenylation begins even before the transcripts is synthesized as it involves a pre-transcriptional step of clipping of mRNA and then adding poly(A) tail to the newly exposed 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end. Thus the RNA polymerase can still be functioning as somewhere upstream the polyadenylation apparatus has already located a signal which can cut the mRNA upstream and polyadenylate it. Nevins and Darnell eliminated the first hypothesis by creating hybrids of radioactive RNA made in cells late in infection to DNA fragments of the major late region. If transcription halted at the first few genes after the first polyadenylation sites then much more transcripts would bind to the 5à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end rather than the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end of the major late region. But it was seen that the RNA hybridized equally to both the ends confirming that once the transcription of the late gene has begun it runs all the way as there is only one transcription terminator at the end of the gene. Thus this region can be called as a transcription unit due to its ability to be transcribed as a whole though it contains multiple genes. They also went on to confirm the clipping of the mRNA pre translation. Erhard Hofer and James Darnell isolated labeled globin encoding RNA that was induced by dimethyl sulphoxide-DMSO and hybridized it to the ÃŽ ²-globin gene and regions downstream to the gene. They observed hybridization to fragments within the ÃŽ ²-globin gene and upto 500 bp downstream to the polyadenylation site. Thus confirming that transcription terminated about 500 bp beyond the polyadenylation site in both cellular and viral transcripts. Hofer and Darnell isolated nuclei from DMSO-stimulated Friend  erythroleukemia cells and incubated them with [32P]UTP to label  run-on RNA—mostly globin pre-mRNA. Then they hybridized this  labeled RNA to DNA fragments A–F, whose locations and sizes are  given in the diagram at top. The molarities of RNA hybridization to  each fragment are given beneath each, with their standard deviations  (s.d.). In the physical map at top, the exons are in red and the introns  are in yellow. Polyadenylation signals: The polyadenylation signals depends on the kind of cell that is being transcribed. The signaling process of plants and animals also differ. At the DNA level in mammalian cells the 20 bp- ‘AATAAA’ sequence was discovered as the polyadenylation sequence by various molecular biologist in 1981. And at the RNA level, in mammalian and plants cells the ‘AAUAAA’ sequence about 20-nt upstream of their poly (A) is considered as the polyadenylation sequence. Another common variant ‘AUUAAA’ is also 80% efficient as ‘AAUAAA’. The other variants are less efficient and less common. Molly Fitzgerald and Thomas Shenk studied the importance of the RNA polyadenylation site. They created a recombinant SV40 virus with duplicate polyadenylation sequence 240 bp apart and carried out an S1 assay. They then carried out an S1 assay of the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end which showed two signals 240 bp apart confirming the activity of both the sites. They then deleted one of the two polyadenylation sites one at a time and carried out the S1 assay again. The inserted polyadenylation site beyond the pre-mRNA couldn’t function if the site within the pre-mRNA was absent. Several other scientist studied this phenomenon and discovered another sequence present immediately downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site that affects polyadenylation. But the difficulty in further discovery of details regarding the same was difficult as this wasn’t a conserved sequence among invertebrates. This region was usually found to be a GU- or U- rich region 20 bp downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site. Anna Gil and Nicholas Proudfoot studied this hypothesis in detail and observed the following results: Added an extra copy of the whole polyadenylation signal upstream and carried out an S1 assay. This cloned DNA showed 90% efficiency. Deleted the 35-bp fragment containing the GU- and U- rich region. Polyadenylation process was hampered which explains its importance. Reconstructed clones containing either a GU- rich or a U- rich region. These clones showed however only 30% efficiency. Clones GU- and U- rich regions by an excess of 5-bp sequence between them. These clones showed only 30% efficiency confiming the importance of the spacing between them. Based on all these manipulations they concluded that for an efficient polyadenylation signal; (a)A polyadenylation recognition motif ‘AAUAAA’ followed by (b)A 23-25-bp GU-rich motif downstream immediately followed by (c) A U- rich motif. POLY (A) POLYMERASE: The poly (A) polymerase (PAP) was discovered by James Manley in 1991. He cloned their genome and discovered two different cDNA’s that had variable 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ends due to two alternative splicing methods giving rise to two different PAP’s (PAP-à Ã¢â‚¬  , PAP-à Ã‚  [the most important], four additional PAP). They differ in the amino acids sequences present at their carboxy termini but the PAB-à Ã‚  consists of consensus sequences that overlap with the known functional sequences of proteins. The genome consists of :1. RNA-binding domain (RBD), 2. Polymerase module (PM), 3. Two nuclear localization signals (NLS-1 and NLS-2), 4. Serine/Threonine-rich regions S/T. Polyadenylation at the amino terminal. The mRNA is polyadenylated before leaving the cytoplasm as well as after entering the cytoplasm. However these two adenylations could be distinguished by Sheiness and Darnell due to their slight difference in size. They confirmed the same by carrying out various assays against the isolated mRNA that was grown in labeled RNA for 48 hours. The nuclear RNA, cytoplasmic RNA, and 5sRNA marker showed peaks as seen in the figure alongside. The major peaks thus obtained are 210 ±20nt and 190 ±20nt for the nuclear and cytoplasmic poly (A) tail respectively. About 50nt RNA’s are present in this broad peak. Maurice Sussman, in 1970 gave the ‘ticketing’ hypothesis which encompasses the theory of each RNA having a ticket to gain entry to the ribosome and further ticket punching everytime it got translated. Thus after a particular limit, it can’t longer undergo protein synthesis which another reason for the shortening of the poly (A) tail. Thus the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end shortening of the poly(A) tail clearly depends on the some other factor other than translation or the ticket like some post-transcriptional modification. It has been observed that the poly(A) tail has not only been shortened in the cytoplasm but it also turns over. This inverted poly(A) tail is susceptible to RNase degradation and elongation by the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase simultaneously. This continues till the mRNA looses all or almost all of the nuclear poly(A) tail. This happens when its almost time for the demise of the mRNA. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation This process is best studied in Xenopus oocytes. Administration of progesterone to their oocytes cause stimulation of the deadenylation of maternal mRNA’or maternal message. Polyadenylation the actual process: The process involves the recognition of that conserved polyadenylation motif, RNA cleavage and polyadenylation. Pre mRNA cleavage: The proteins responsible for this cleavage are: Shrenk and his colleagues carried out various experiments confirming the importance of these cleavage factors. Cleavage polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF)- Its one of the most important factors. Its subunit CPSF-73is related to ELAC that cleaves pre-tRNA’s to generate their 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end. They are known as ÃŽ ²-lactamase superfamily of Zn (as they contain 2 Zn ions at their active site necessary for RNase activity) dependent hydrolases. Cleavage stimulating factor (CSF) – Its one of the most important ones. It bindings to the GU- rich region, together and stably. Cleavage factors (CF à Ã¢â‚¬   and CF à Ã‚ )- The poly (A) polymerase- This immediate coupling is so strong that no cleaved unpolyadenylated RNA’s can be found. The RNA polymerase à Ã‚ (containing the carboxy terminal domain-CTD and its phosphorylation status). Yukata Hirose and James Manley expressed CTD as a fusion protein with glutathionine-s transferase. They then purified the protein by glutathionine affinity chromatography and the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms were exposed to the cleavage assay with adenovirus L3 pre-mRNA. The results obtained confirmed that (a) the activity of CTD is independent of transcription and (b) After incubating the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the enzyme along with all the other cleavage factors showed that the phosphorylated forms five times batter cleavage. This can be explained as the phosphorylated form of CTD is present in the polymerase à Ã‚  that carries out transcription. Polyadenylation initiation: Once the pre-mRNA is cleaved using the factors described above its polyadenylation process takes place in two phases. The first initiations phase consists of the slow addition of the first 10 A’s. This phase depends on the ‘AAUAAA’ signal. The second phase is independent of the initial ‘AAUAAA’ signal but it depends on the existing 10 A’s added to the pre-mRNA. This phase involves rapid addition of about 200 or more A’s along the length, thus called elongation. The initiation signal that carries out polyadenylation is none other than the cleavage signal which attracts the cleavage enzyme that specifically recognizes the AAUAAA motif and cuts the RNA 20 nucleotide downstream. This thaught was discarded because as the cleavage enzyme prior to polyadenylation has already cut the downstream GU-rich and U-rich sequence. Thus it’s this 8 nucleotide GU/U-rich sequence post the AAUAAA motif that brings about this adenylation. Marvin Wickens and his colleagues used two parameters (a) a poly (A) polymerase and (b) a specificity factor CPSF that binds to the pre mRNA. Both these factors work well when substrates are in high concentration but the assay carried out was using low substrate concentrations. The figure alongside explains their experiments, Lane 1- shows no polyadenylation by poly (A) polymerase by itself in low concentrations of substrates, Lane 2- shows no polyadenylation as the CPSF alone can’t detect the AAUAAA motif, Lane 3- shows polyadenylation with both factors together and Lane 4- shows that both factors can’t polyadenylate a substrate with an aberrant signal like AAUAAA. But however this dependency is temporary i.e. after the addition of the first 10 nucleotides it enters the elongation phase that’s independent of these two factors. ELONGATION OF POLY (A) TAIL: While studying the fact that the initiation is independent of the CPSF factor, another interesting fact came to be known that a purified poly (A) polymerase could carry out elongation very poorly on its own. Whale further explored this by designing experiments which consisted of purification of the poly (A) polymerase and its polyadenylation capability comparison in various conditions. Purification of the poly (A) polymerase using PAGE gave two fractions – a major 49-kD polypeptide (PAB-à Ã¢â‚¬  ) as well as a minor 70kD polypeptide (PAB-à Ã‚ ). This latter band however was found to have a variable nature and was even absent in some preparations. Whale’s experiments further showed high activity of this 49-kD polypeptide coinciding with high activity of the poly (A) polymerase using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. He also tested this fraction’s capability of polyadenylation in the presence of the CPSF and poly (A) polymerase and found the same results. He therefore named this fraction as poly (A) binding proteinà Ã‚  (PAB- à Ã‚ ). Thus he confirmed that PAB-à Ã‚  acts like CPSF but binds to poly (A) polymerase instead of the AAUAAA motif on the RNA. Its activity is high only in the elongation phase but is found absent in the initiation phase. He carried out another experiment to find the interdependence of these two factors with their interdependence on the polyadenylation process using the poly (A) polymerase. When either CPSF or PAB-à Ã‚  was added to a solution that contained mRNA and poly (A) polymerase, the polyadenylation process was found to be active. But it showed higher polyadenylation capabilities in presence of both the factors. Thus this whole process can be summarized by the proposed figure below:-

What is an infectuos disease :: essays research papers

What is an Infectious Disease? An Infectious Disease is a disease caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. These diseases are all "caught", hence they are often termed communicable diseases. Examples of specific infections include Strep throat, mononucleosis, cold sores, athlete's foot, appendicitis, boils, vaginal yeast infections, African Sleeping sickness and tuberculosis. HEPATITIS B VACCINATION Safe and effective vaccines are now available for protection against hepatitis B, a serious liver infection that can result in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccine prevents hepatitis B disease and its serious consequences. Use of hepatitis B vaccine and other vaccines is strongly endorsed by the medical, scientific and public health communities as a safe and effective way to prevent disease and death. There is no confirmed evidence that indicates that hepatitis B vaccine can cause chronic illnesses. Whenever large number of vaccines are given, some adverse events will occur coincidentally after vaccination and be falsely attributed to the vaccine. To assure a high standard of safety with vaccines, several federal agencies continually assess and research possible or potential health effects that could be associated with vaccines. The Centers for Disease Control and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that all newborns, infants and children, especially sexually active teenagers be vaccinated against hepatitis B. Vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of being infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). These include:  · Health care workers, including doctors, dentists, nurses, blood and lab technicians;  · Emergency workers - including paramedics, fire fighters and police;  · Hemodialysis patients;  · Military personnel;  · Morticians and embalmers;  · Patients and staff of institutions for the mentally handicapped, inmates of long-term correctional institutions;  · Ethnic groups with a high rate of hepatitis B including Chinese, Koreans, Indochinese, Filipinos, Alaskan Eskimos, Haitians, and American Indians;  · People with multiple sexual partners;  · Intravenous drug users;  · Recipients of certain blood products;  · Household contacts and sex partners of hepatitis B carriers;  · International travelers Those who are already infected will not benefit from vaccination. However, infants born of mothers who are carriers of the hepatitis B virus can be protected. A simple blood test can determine whether someone is a hepatitis B carrier. Immunization requires three doses of vaccine according to the following schedule:  · 1st dose: For infants born to infected mothers - within 12 hours. For infants born to mothers who test negative - within one to two months following delivery.  · 2nd dose: 1 month later  · 3rd dose: 6 months after the first dose.